How the NHS Works in England: GP, 111, Pharmacy or A&E?
A practical guide to choosing the right NHS service in England, from registering with a GP to knowing when to use a pharmacy, NHS 111 or call 999.
The National Health Service (NHS) provides most healthcare in the UK, free at the point of use for people who are ordinarily resident. Health is a devolved matter, so Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland run their own services. This guide covers England.
Register with a GP
A General Practitioner (GP) practice is the usual starting point for non-urgent health problems and long-term conditions. Registering is free, and you can choose a practice in your area. You do not need to prove your address, immigration status or ID to register. Many practices let you book appointments or order repeat prescriptions through the NHS App or their website.
Which service should you use?
| Situation | Where to go |
|---|---|
| Minor illness or injury (coughs, sore throats, small cuts) | A pharmacy for advice, or your GP |
| Ongoing or non-urgent problem | Your GP practice |
| Urgent, but not life-threatening | NHS 111 (online or by phone) |
| Urgent but minor injuries | An urgent treatment centre or minor injuries unit |
| Serious, life-threatening emergency | Call 999 or go to A&E |
Pharmacies
Pharmacists are trained to advise on many common conditions and can recommend treatments without an appointment. Many pharmacies also offer other services. They are often the quickest first stop for minor problems.
NHS 111
If you need medical help urgently but it is not an emergency, NHS 111 can assess your symptoms, direct you to the right local service and, in some cases, arrange a call-back from a clinician. You can use it online at 111.nhs.uk or by phoning 111.
A&E and 999
Accident and Emergency (A&E) departments are for serious injuries and life-threatening conditions. Using A&E for minor problems adds to waiting times for people in real danger. In an emergency, always call 999 rather than driving yourself.
Prescriptions and charges
Most NHS care is free, but in England adults usually pay a fixed charge per prescribed item unless they are exempt (for example due to age, a medical condition, or low income). A prepayment certificate can save money if you need many prescriptions. NHS dental care and optical services also carry charges.
Tips for getting the best out of the NHS
- Keep a list of your medicines and any allergies on your phone.
- Use the NHS App to manage appointments and prescriptions.
- Tell your GP practice if you change address or phone number.
- If you are not sure where to go, start with NHS 111.
This is general information, not medical advice. If you think you may be seriously ill, call 999.
Frequently asked questions
Do I need ID to register with a GP?
No. Practices in England should not turn you away for lacking proof of address, immigration status or ID, though they may ask for them if you have them.
When should I call 999?
Call 999 for a life-threatening emergency, such as suspected heart attack or stroke, severe bleeding, difficulty breathing, or loss of consciousness.
Are NHS prescriptions free?
In England, most adults pay a prescription charge unless they qualify for an exemption. Prescriptions are free in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
